Reaktionen und Synthesen reaktiver Zuckersäurederivate

Zuckersäuren werden durch ihre überaus schnelle Aminolyse zu den aktivierten Esterns gezählt. Die Zuckersäruren werden binnen weniger Stunden bei Raumtemperatur nahezu vollständig aminolysiert. Jedoch bringt die hohe Funktionalität von Zuckersäuren auch viele Nachteile mit sich. Daher wurden in dieser Arneit verschiedene Syntheserouten ausgehend aus dem Glucarodilacton entwickelt. Hierbei wurden in der ersten Stufe Ester-, Ether- und Urethanderivate des Glucarodilactons hergestellt und unteruscht. In der zweiten Stufe wurden die noch reaktiven Lactoneinheiten dieser Derivate mit Aminen aminolysiert. Die Aminolyse wurde auch in Abhängigkeit der Substituenten und der Lösemittel kinetisch untersucht. Desweiteren wurden auch dilactonhaltige Polykondensate aus Caprolacton und Dilactid hergestellt, die durch Aminolyse in Kammpolymere überführt wurden

River chloride trends in snow-affected urban watersheds: increasing concentrations outpace urban growth rate and are common among all seasons

AbstractChloride concentrations in northern U.S. included in this study have increased substantially over time with average concentrations approximately doubling from 1990 to 2011, outpacing the rate of urbanization in the northern U.S. Historical data were examined for 30 monitoring sites on 19 streams that had chloride concentration and flow records of 18 to 49years. Chloride concentrations in most studied streams increased in all seasons (13 of 19 in all seasons; 16 of 19 during winter); maximum concentrations occurred during winter. Increasing concentrations during non-deicing periods suggest that chloride was stored in hydrologic reservoirs, such as the shallow groundwater system, during the winter and slowly released in baseflow throughout the year. Streamflow dependency was also observed with chloride concentrations increasing as streamflow decreased, a result of dilution during rainfall- and snowmelt-induced high-flow periods. The influence of chloride on aquatic life increased with time; 29% of sites studied exceeded the concentration for the USEPA chronic water quality criteria of 230mg/L by an average of more than 100 individual days per year during 2006–2011. The rapid rate of chloride concentration increase in these streams is likely due to a combination of possible increased road salt application rates, increased baseline concentrations, and greater snowfall in the Midwestern U.S. during the latter portion of the study period

Relax-a-Cizor und Karussell

In der elften Folge der ersten Staffel von Mad Men (AMC, 2007-2015), die in Deutschland unter dem Titel Hitzewelle ausgestrahlt wurde, soll Peggy Olson in der Werbeagentur Sterling Cooper der Männercrew um Don Draper ein weiteres Mal auf die Sprünge helfen: Schon einmal gelang es der naiv scheinenden Sekretärin zur Überraschung der boy group, zu zeigen, dass sie texten kann wie ein Mann – und zwar gerade dort, wo es um die Sinnlichkeit von Frauen geht. Jetzt sitzen die Werbe-Profis der Agentu..

Metrics to evaluate research performance in academic institutions: A critique of ERA 2010 as applied in forestry and the indirect H2 index as a possible alternative

Excellence for Research in Australia (ERA) is an attempt by the Australian Research Council to rate Australian universities on a 5-point scale within 180 Fields of Research using metrics and peer evaluation by an evaluation committee. Some of the bibliometric data contributing to this ranking suffer statistical issues associated with skewed distributions. Other data are standardised year-by-year, placing undue emphasis on the most recent publications which may not yet have reliable citation patterns. The bibliometric data offered to the evaluation committees is extensive, but lacks effective syntheses such as the h-index and its variants. The indirect H2 index is objective, can be computed automatically and efficiently, is resistant to manipulation, and a good indicator of impact to assist the ERA evaluation committees and to similar evaluations internationally.Comment: 19 pages, 6 figures, 7 tables, appendice

Technikreflexionen in Fernsehserien

Serielle Medien wollen massenmedial verstärkte Resonanzen erzielen. Sie generieren ein historisch wandelbares Wissen, das sie für die Selbstverständigungen in Kultur und Gesellschaft relevant, d.h. für Kulturdiagnosen geeignet macht. Diese mediale Spezifik wird im vorliegenden Band systematisch wie historisch auf die Frage nach der Popularisierung und Reflexion von Technikwissen und Technikdiskursen hin untersucht. Fernsehserien bieten sich dafür wegen ihrer eigenen Zeitlichkeit an: Sie können sich narrativ komplex entfalten, auch weil in ihrer Plot-Anlage ein Ende nicht notwendig gesetzt wird. Fernsehserien bilden Technik in ihren Folgen dabei nicht nur thematisch ab, vielmehr organisieren technische Mittel ihre Darstellungsformen selbst. In Fallstudien zu einzelnen Serien dokumentiert vorliegender Band Facetten solcher Technikreflexionen. Abschließend stellt er eine Typologie ihrer Formvarianten zur Diskussion

Physics of leptoquarks in precision experiments and at particle colliders

We present a comprehensive review of physics effects generated by leptoquarks (LQs), i.e., hypothetical particles that can turn quarks into leptons and vice versa, of either scalar or vector nature. These considerations include discussion of possible completions of the Standard Model that contain LQ fields. The main focus of the review is on those LQ scenarios that are not problematic with regard to proton stability. We accordingly concentrate on the phenomenology of light leptoquarks that is relevant for precision experiments and particle colliders. Important constraints on LQ interactions with matter are derived from precision low-energy observables such as electric dipole moments, (g-2) of charged leptons, atomic parity violation, neutral meson mixing, Kaon, B, and D meson decays, etc. We provide a general analysis of indirect constraints on the strength of LQ interactions with the quarks and leptons to make statements that are as model independent as possible. We address complementary constraints that originate from electroweak precision measurements, top, and Higgs physics. The Higgs physics analysis we present covers not only the most recent but also expected results from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We finally discuss direct LQ searches. Current experimental situation is summarized and self-consistency of assumptions that go into existing accelerator-based searches is discussed. A progress in making next-to-leading order predictions for both pair and single LQ productions at colliders is also outlined.Comment: 136 pages, 22 figures, typographical errors fixed, the Physics Reports versio

Jet energy measurement with the ATLAS detector in proton-proton collisions at root s=7 TeV

The jet energy scale and its systematic uncertainty are determined for jets measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 38 pb-1. Jets are reconstructed with the anti-kt algorithm with distance parameters R=0. 4 or R=0. 6. Jet energy and angle corrections are determined from Monte Carlo simulations to calibrate jets with transverse momenta pT≥20 GeV and pseudorapidities {pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy systematic uncertainty is estimated using the single isolated hadron response measured in situ and in test-beams, exploiting the transverse momentum balance between central and forward jets in events with dijet topologies and studying systematic variations in Monte Carlo simulations. The jet energy uncertainty is less than 2. 5 % in the central calorimeter region ({pipe}η{pipe}<0. 8) for jets with 60≤pT<800 GeV, and is maximally 14 % for pT<30 GeV in the most forward region 3. 2≤{pipe}η{pipe}<4. 5. The jet energy is validated for jet transverse momenta up to 1 TeV to the level of a few percent using several in situ techniques by comparing a well-known reference such as the recoiling photon pT, the sum of the transverse momenta of tracks associated to the jet, or a system of low-pT jets recoiling against a high-pT jet. More sophisticated jet calibration schemes are presented based on calorimeter cell energy density weighting or hadronic properties of jets, aiming for an improved jet energy resolution and a reduced flavour dependence of the jet response. The systematic uncertainty of the jet energy determined from a combination of in situ techniques is consistent with the one derived from single hadron response measurements over a wide kinematic range. The nominal corrections and uncertainties are derived for isolated jets in an inclusive sample of high-pT jets. Special cases such as event topologies with close-by jets, or selections of samples with an enhanced content of jets originating from light quarks, heavy quarks or gluons are also discussed and the corresponding uncertainties are determined. © 2013 CERN for the benefit of the ATLAS collaboration